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Mode water
Mode water is defined as a particular type of water mass, which is nearly vertically homogeneous. Its vertical homogeneity is caused by the deep vertical convection in winter. The first term to describe this phenomenon is ''18° water'', which is used by L.V. Worthington to describe the isothermal layer in the northern Sargasso Sea cool to a temperature of about 18 °C each winter. Then Masuzawa introduced the ''subtropical mode water'' concept to describe the thick layer of temperature 16–18 °C in the northwestern North Pacific subtropical gyre, on the southern side of the Kuroshio Extension. The terminology ''mode water'' was extended to the thick near-surface layer north of the Subantarctic Front by McCartney, who identified and mapped the properties of the Subantarctic mode water (SAMW). After that, McCartney and Talley then applied the term ''subpolar mode water'' (SPMW) to the thick near-surface mixed layers in the North Atlantic’s subpolar gyre.
== Formation and erosion ==
Different mode waters have different formation and erosion mechanisms. The subtropical mode water (STMW) is formed mainly by subduction, the SPMW is formed mainly by other processes. SAMW is due to the combination of subduction and other processes. The erosion mechanism of SPMW is a combination of turbulent mixing and air-sea flux. The erosion mechanism of STMW is likely air-sea flux. For SAMW erosion turbulent mixing may be the main factor.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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